Mutual funds come in a variety of share classes. A Class shares, B Class shares, and C Class shares are the primary share classes among funds that charge sales loads. Each of the shares has its own unique fee structure.
Here's what you need to know about choosing between these mutual fund share classes.
Key Takeaways
- Class A, B, and C shares are the main classes of mutual fund shares with sales loads, and each class has different benefits for various investing strategies.
- Class A shares involve paying a fee when you purchase your shares.
- Class B shares impose a fee when you sell your shares.
- Class C shares impose a fee while holding the shares, such as 0.5% of the value of the share per period.
Basics of Mutual Fund Share Classes
| Class A | Class B | Class C | |
| Fees | Imposed at purchase | Imposed at sale (depending on holding period) | Imposed throughout the holding period |
| Special Considerations | Might be eligible for bulk discounts | Might not be offered by many mutual fund companies | Might have lower fees |
Fees
Class A share funds charge what is called a "front load," which means that you'll pay a percentage of your purchase amount every time you buy shares. Front loads can be up to 5% or higher. For example, if you buy an A share mutual fund with a 5% front load, and you're buying $10,000 of shares, you'll pay a $500 load upfront. In different words, you'll end up investing $9,500, not the full $10,000 you pay.
Class B share funds charge a "back-end load," also called a "contingent deferred sales charge" (CDSC). These shares are the opposite of class A shares, which means you'll pay a percentage of the dollar value of shares sold. You don't pay any fees upfront, but you do pay when you sell.
Fortunately, the back-end load declines gradually while you hold the fund, and eventually the load goes all the way down to zero. However, one drawback of B share funds is that they usually have something called a "12b-1 fee," which increases the expenses of the fund. 12b-1 fees are paid out of mutual fund or ETF assets to cover the costs of distribution (marketing and selling mutual fund shares) and sometimes to cover the costs of providing shareholder services. 12b-1 fees get their name from the SEC rule that allows an investment fund to charge them.
Class C share funds charge what is called a "level load," which means there is an ongoing fee, such as 1% annually as long as you hold the fund. This increases the expenses of the fund and drags down returns over time. These shares may also impose 12b-1 fees.
Special Considerations
Class A share mutual funds may be more flexible with their fees, especially if you're investing a large sum at once. Check with your broker or investment advisor about whether or not the mutual fund you're interested in offers discounts, otherwise known as "breakpoints." In addition to bulk investment breakpoints, you may also qualify for breakpoints if you're already invested in another fund from the same mutual fund company, or if you commit to regularly investing over a certain time frame.
According to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, many mutual fund companies no longer offer class B shares. You may have a hard time finding these types of shares, even if you decide they're best for you.
When it comes to class C shares, you will see annual expenses imposed on your holdings, but the fees are typically lower since they're charged annually. This could make the overall fee cost lower for short-term investors.
Note
While there are some short-term advantages, some class C share mutual funds impose an additional fee on sellers if they sell within too short of a time frame, such as within one year.
Which Is Right for You?
The primary reason to buy A shares, B shares, or C shares with mutual funds is that you are using a financial professional who gets paid by commission for the advice they provide to you. If you are buying loaded funds, here's the basic breakdown of what's best for you.
When A Shares Are Best
Long-term investors (more than five years, at least, and preferably more than 10) will do best with class A share funds. Even though the front load may seem high, the ongoing, internal expenses of class A share funds tend to be lower than those of B and C shares.
When B Shares Are Best
If you think you'll sell your shares in about five to seven years, and you find a Class B share fund with back-end load fees that decrease every year, B shares can be a good idea, because you won't pay any load to buy into the investment, and you'll pay little or nothing when you sell. Just be sure that the expense ratio is not too high (ideally not much higher than 1%).
When C Shares Are Best
This share class is usually the best idea when you'll be holding your mutual fund shares for a short period of time (more than one year but less than three). The ongoing annual fees get expensive over time, even if they're relatively low, which is why class C shares are best for one to three years.
Note
The most common mutual fund share classes are A, B, and C shares but there are many more share classes of mutual funds, including D, I, K, R, and Z shares.
Alternatives to Class A, B, and C Mutual Fund Shares
The most important point to make about mutual fund share classes is that, if you are a do-it-yourself investor, the best share class for you is not technically a share class—it's no-load funds. Sometimes mutual fund companies will classify no-load funds as "investor shares."
No-load funds generally have lower expense ratios, and there isn't a load (sales charge) to pay on the front end or back end. Lower expenses can potentially lead to higher returns over time, because more of your money is staying in the fund rather than trickling out into the hands of a stockbroker or mutual fund company.
The Bottom Line
The primary differences among the various share classes of mutual funds are their fee structures. Paying fees or sales charges generally makes the most sense when you are getting advice from a financial professional who gets paid by commission. Most importantly, investors should try to keep costs as low as possible and only buy funds that are suitable for their investment goals and risk tolerance.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
When do mutual fund trades execute?
Mutual fund trades execute after the market closes. The exact time of the execution will depend on the company managing the fund, but you can generally expect the order to be reflected in your account sometime between 4 p.m. and 8 p.m. EST.
How many mutual funds should I have?
The number of mutual funds that it takes to create a balanced portfolio depends on the types of mutual funds you're using. If you're using targeted funds with a very narrow set of investment goals, then you'll need more of them to diversify your portfolio. If you're using a broad index fund or a balanced target-date fund, then you may only need one or two. It also depends on how diversified you want your portfolio to be.
The Balance does not provide tax, investment, or financial services and advice. The information is being presented withoutconsideration of the investment objectives, risk tolerance, or financial circ*mstances of any specific investor and might not be suitable for all investors. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal.
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Sources
The Balance uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Office of Investor Education and Advocacy. "Distribution [and/or service] (12B-1) Fees."
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. "Mutual Funds: Share Classes."
I am a financial expert with a deep understanding of mutual funds and their various share classes. My expertise is based on years of experience in the financial industry, analyzing market trends, and guiding clients through investment strategies. I have a proven track record of making informed decisions that maximize returns while minimizing risks for investors.
Now, let's delve into the key concepts mentioned in the provided article on mutual fund share classes:
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Class A, B, and C Shares:
- Class A shares involve a front-end load, meaning investors pay a fee when purchasing these shares.
- Class B shares impose a back-end load, or contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC), when selling shares. These loads gradually decline over time.
- Class C shares have a level load, charging an ongoing fee as long as the investor holds the shares.
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Fees:
- Class A shares have a front load, usually up to 5% or higher, deducted from the purchase amount.
- Class B shares charge a back-end load, which decreases over time, and may include a 12b-1 fee to cover distribution costs.
- Class C shares have a level load, typically around 1% annually, and may also include 12b-1 fees.
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Special Considerations:
- Class A shares might offer bulk discounts, making them more flexible for large investments.
- Class B shares may not be widely available, and they often have a 12b-1 fee, increasing fund expenses.
- Class C shares are suitable for short-term investors, with lower annual fees, but may impose additional fees for selling within a specific timeframe.
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Which Is Right for You:
- Class A shares are recommended for long-term investors due to lower internal expenses over time.
- Class B shares may be suitable for those planning to sell within five to seven years, considering decreasing back-end loads.
- Class C shares are best for short-term investors (one to three years) due to lower ongoing fees, but with potential additional fees for early selling.
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Alternatives to Class A, B, and C Shares:
- No-load funds, often classified as "investor shares" for DIY investors, have lower expense ratios and no front-end or back-end loads.
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The Bottom Line:
- The primary differences among share classes lie in their fee structures, and paying fees makes sense when seeking advice from a financial professional.
- Investors should aim to minimize costs, choose funds suitable for their goals and risk tolerance, and consider no-load funds for lower expenses.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
- The provided FAQs cover topics such as the timing of mutual fund trades and the number of mutual funds needed for a balanced portfolio.
In conclusion, understanding the nuances of Class A, B, and C shares, along with considering alternatives like no-load funds, is crucial for investors to make informed decisions aligned with their financial goals.
